Isingeniso ku-Yoga

I-Yoga ingukuhumusha okuhunyushwa kwe- "yoga", okusho ukuthi "ijoka", ebhekisa ekusetshenzisweni kwejoka lamathuluzi epulazi ukuxhumanisa izinkomo ezimbili ndawonye ukulima umhlaba, nokuqhuba izigqila namahhashi. Lapho izinkomo ezimbili zixhumeke nejoka ukulima umhlaba, kufanele zihambise ngobunye futhi zivumelane futhi zibumbene, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke zikwazi ukusebenza. Kusho "ukuxhumana, inhlanganisela, ukuvumelana", futhi kamuva kunwetshwa "endleleni yokuxhuma nokukhulisa ingokomoya", okungukuthi, ukugxila ukunakwa kwabantu kanye nokuqondisa, ukukusebenzisa.

Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezedlule eNdiya, lapho efuna isimo esiphakeme kakhulu sokuvumelana phakathi komuntu nemvelo, izindela zazivame ukuhlala ehlathini le-primevenal futhi zazindla. Ngemuva kwesikhathi eside empilweni elula, izindela zabona imithetho eminingi yemvelo ekuboneni izinto eziphilayo, bese isebenzisa imithetho yokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo kubantu, kancane kancane bazwe izinguquko ezicashile emzimbeni. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bafunda ukuxhumana nemizimba yabo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela bafunda ukuhlola imizimba yabo, futhi baqala ukugcina impilo yabo, kanye nomzwelo wokwelapha izifo nobuhlungu. Ngemuva kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka yokucwaninga nokufingqa, iqoqo le-theory eliphelele, elinembile futhi elisebenzayo lezempilo kanye nokuqina komzimba selivele lavela kancane, okuyi-yoga.

Izithombe zamahozi zanamuhla

I-Yoga, eseye yathandwa futhi ishise ezingxenyeni eziningi ezahlukene zomhlaba eminyakeni yamuva nje, akuyona nje into yokuqina yokuzilolonga ethandwayo noma emnandi. I-Yoga iyindlela yasendulo yolwazi lokuzijwayeza amandla ahlanganisa ifilosofi, isayensi nezobuciko. Isisekelo se-yoga sakhiwa kwifilosofi yasendulo yamaNdiya. Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, ngokwengqondo, ngokwengqondo, izinto ezingokomoya nezingokomoya sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lamaNdiya. Amakholwa asendulo amakholwa athuthukisa uhlelo lwe-yoga ngoba ayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ngokusisebenzisa umzimba nokulawula ukuphefumula, angalawula ingqondo nemizwelo futhi alondoloze umzimba ophilile kuze kube phakade.

Inhloso ye-yoga ukufeza ukuvumelana phakathi komzimba, ingqondo kanye nemvelo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla abantu, ukuhlakanipha kanye nengokomoya. Ukuyibeka nje, i-Yoga iyinhlangano eshukumisayo yomzimba kanye nomkhuba ongokomoya, futhi futhi kuyifilosofi yempilo esetshenziselwa impilo yansuku zonke. Umgomo we-yoga umkhuba ukufezekisa ukuqonda okuhle nokulawulwa kwengqondo yomuntu uqobo, futhi ujwayele futhi ukwazi izinzwa zomzimba.

Umsuka we-yoga

Imvelaphi ye-yoga ingalandelwa emuva kwimpucuko yasendulo yaseNdiya. ENdiya yasendulo eminyakeni engama-5000 edlule, yabizwa ngokuthi "umcebo wezwe". Inokuthambekela okuqinile ekucabangeni okuyimfihlakalo, futhi iningi lalo lidluliswa phansi lisuka e-Master liye kumfundi ngesimo se-ormal. Okokuqala kwe-yogis bonke babenososayensi abahlakaniphile abaphonsela inselelo imvelo unyaka wonke lapho befika e-Himalayas embozwe yiqhwa. Ukuze uphile impilo ende futhi enempilo, umuntu kufanele abhekane "nezifo", "ukufa", "ukufa", "umzimba", "umphefumulo" nobudlelwano phakathi komuntu nendawo yonke. Lezi yizingqinamba ze-Yogis ezifundele zona amakhulu eminyaka.

I-Yoga yasungulwa eHimalayan Forylls enyakatho yeNdiya. Abacwaningi befilosofi yesimanjemanje kanye nezazi zeYoga, ezisuselwa ocwaningweni nasezinganekwaneni, bacabange futhi bachaza imvelaphi ye-yoga: lapho kunamakhanda amamitha angama-8,000 aphezulu asebenza ngobunzima, futhi abaningi babo baba ngabangcwele. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abantu baqala ukuba nomona futhi babalandele. Lawa nangcwele adluliselwa ezindleleni eziyimfihlo zokuzijwayeza kwabalandeli bazo ngendlela yamafomula ngomlomo, futhi lawo ayeyi-yogis yokuqala. Lapho ochwepheshe basendulo abangamaNdiya benza imizimba nasezingqondweni zabo emvelweni, bathola ngengozi ukuthi izilwane ezahlukahlukene nezitshalo bazalwa benezindlela zokuphulukisa, ukuphumula, noma bahlale bephapheme, futhi bangahle baphinde baphapheme.

Babonile ngokucophelela izilwane ukubona ukuthi bazivumelanisa kanjani nokuphila kwemvelo, badla ngayo, badla, baphumile, baphumula, bavule izifo ngempumelelo. Babonile, balingisa, futhi babone mathupha ukuthunyelwa kwezilwane, kuhlangene nesakhiwo somzimba womuntu nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene, futhi kwakha uchungechunge lwezinhlelo zokuzivocavoca eziwusizo emzimbeni nasengqondweni, okungukuthi, asanas. Ngasikhathi sinye, bahlaziya indlela umoya okuthinta ngayo impilo, ihlolwe ngayo ukulawula ingqondo, futhi bafuna izindlela zokuthola ukuvumelana phakathi komzimba, ingqondo kanye nemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela bahlakulela amandla abantu, ukuhlakanipha nengokomoya. Lokhu kungumsuka wokuzindla we-yoga. Ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-5 000 yemikhuba, izindlela zokuphulukisa ezifundiswa yi-Yoga ziye zazuzisa izizukulwane zabantu.

Ekuqaleni, i-yogis eyenziwa emihumeni namahlathi aminyene aseHermayaya, yabe isinwebeka emathempelini nasezindlini zezwe. Lapho i-yogis engena ezingeni elijulile ekuzindleni okujulile, zizofinyelela ukuhlanganiswa kokuqaphela komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuqashelwa kwe-cosmic, futhi zithole ukubhekelwa phansi kanye nokuthokozela ubungqabavu, kanjalo nokukhanga kwabantu abajwayelekile eNdiya.

Cishe ngo-300 BC, i-Great Indian Sage Patanjali yadala i-Yoga Sutras, lapho kwakhiwa khona i-Yoga yaseNdiya ngokweqiniso, futhi umkhuba we-yoga wachazwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlelo olunezimbotshana eziyisishiyagalombili. UPatanjali ungusanta obaluleke kakhulu kwi-yoga. Wabhala i-yoga sutras, eyanikeza yonke imibono nolwazi lwe-yoga. Kulomsebenzi, i-yoga yakha uhlelo oluphelele okokuqala. UPatanjali uhlonishwa njengomsunguli we-Yoga waseNdiya.

Izazi zemivubukulo zithole umbuthano olondolozwe kahle e-Indus River Basin, lapho isibalo se-yoga siboniswa khona ukuzindla. Lobumbi bumba okungenani uneminyaka engama-5000 ubudala, obukhombisa ukuthi umlando we-yoga ungalandelwa emuva esikhathini esidala.

Isikhathi se-Vedic Proto-Vedic

Isikhathi sokuqala

Kusuka ku-5000 BC kuya ku-3000 BC, odokotela baseNdiya bafunda umkhuba we-yoga ezilwaneni ezisehlathini le-primeval. Esigodini seWutong, sasidluliselwa ikakhulu ekusithekeni. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-1 000 yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwakukhona amarekhodi abhaliwe ambalwa, futhi kwavela ngesimo sokuzindla, ukucabanga nokuzenzela. I-Yoga ngalesi sikhathi yabizwa ngokuthi iTantric Yoga. Esikhathini ngaphandle kwamarekhodi abhaliwe, kancane kancane amarekhodi athuthukiswa emcabangweni wefilosofi wefilosofi ngendlela yokuzijwayeza, phakathi kokuzindla, ukucatshangelwa kanye nokuzindla kwakuyisizinda se-yoga. Ngesikhathi senkathi yentuthuko yendlovu, iqembu labantu bomdabu baseNdiya Subcontite bazulazula emhlabeni. Konke kwabanika ugqozi olungapheli. Babambe imikhosi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi bekhulekele onkulunkulu ukuba babuze ngeqiniso lempilo. Ukukhulekelwa kwamandla ocansi, amakhono akhethekile nokuphila isikhathi eside kuyizimpawu ze-tantric yoga. I-Yoga ngomqondo wendabuko kuwumkhuba womphefumlo wangaphakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Yoga bekulokhu kuhambisana nokuvela komlando kwezinkolo zamaNdiya. Ukuhlangana kwe-Yoga kwathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo futhi kucetshiswe ngokuthuthukiswa komlando.

Isikhathi seVedic

Umqondo wokuqala we-yoga uvele ngekhulu le-15 BC ngekhulu le-8 BC. Ukuhlaselwa kwama-aryan ama-omadic kwandisa ukwehla kwempucuko yendabuko eNdiya futhi kwaletha isiko lamaBrahman. Umqondo we-Yoga wawuhlongozwa okokuqala kuma- "vedas" enkolo angokwenkolo, achaze i-yoga ngokuthi "ukuvimba" noma "isiyalo" kodwa ngaphandle kokuthuma. E-classic yayo yokugcina, i-yoga yasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzithiba, futhi yafaka nokuqukethwe kokulawulwa kokuphefumula. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwadalwa abapristi ababekholelwa kuNkulunkulu ukuze bahlangane kangcono. Inhloso yeVedic Yoga Practice yaqala ukuguqulwa kusuka ikakhulukazi ngokuya ngokusekelwe ngokomzimba ukufeza ukuzikhulula ekuphakameni kwefilosofi yenkolo okuthola ubumbano lukaBrahman no-Atman.

Classical

I-Yoga iba yindlela yokuzijwayeza ngokomoya

Ngekhulu lesithupha BC, kwazalwa amadoda amakhulu amabili eNdiya. Eyokuqala uBuddha owaziwayo, kanti omunye nguMahavira, umsunguli wehlelo lendabuko laseNdiya eNdiya. Izimfundiso zikaBuddha zingafingqwa ngokuthi "amaqiniso amane amahle: ukuhlupheka, imvelaphi, ukuyeka, nendlela". Zombili lezi zinhlelo zezimfundiso zikaBuddha zaziwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke. Omunye ubizwa nge- "Vipassana" kanti omunye ubizwa nge- "Samapatti", okubandakanya "Anapanasati" odumile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBuddha wasungula uhlaka oluyisisekelo lokuzijwayeza ngokomoya olubizwa ngokuthi "indlela eyisishiyagalombili", lapho "indlela efanele" kanye "nokukhuthala okulungile" futhi kufana kakhulu neziyalezo zeRaja Yoga.

Isifanekiso seMahavira, umsunguli weJainism eNdiya

UbuBuddha bathandwa kabanzi ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi izindlela zokuzijwayeza amaBuddha ezisuselwa ekuzindleni zandezelwa iningi lase-Asia. Ukuzindla kukaBuddha bekungagcini ezingxenyeni ezithile kanye nama-ascetics (sadhus), kodwa futhi kwenziwa nabantu abaningi babeka abantu. Ngenxa yokusakazeka okugcwele kobuBuddha, ukuzindla kwathandwa eMorvend India. Kamuva, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-10 kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, amaSulumane aseTurkic aqhamuka eCentral Asia ahlasela eNdiya ahlala khona. Babhekana nokushaywa okusindayo kuBuddha futhi baphoqa amaNdiya ukuguqula ama-Islam ngodlame kanye nasezimweni zomnotho. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, ubuBuddha babefa eNdiya. Kodwa-ke, eChina, eJapan, eSouth Korea naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, isiko lokuzindla likaBuddha seligcinwe futhi lakhiwa.

Ngekhulu le-6 BC, uBuddha wethula (iVipassana), eyanyamalala eNdiya ngekhulu le-13. AmaSulumane ahlasela futhi aphoqe i-Islam. Ngekhulu le-8 BC-Canth Century BC, Emigqeni yezenkolo yasendulo, awekho i-Asana, esho indlela ejwayelekile yokuzijwayeza engasusa ngokuphelele izinhlungu. Kunezikole ezimbili ezithandwayo ze-yoga, okungukuthi: Karma Yoga noJnani Yoga. IKarma Yoga igcizelela amasiko enkolo, kanti uJnani Yoga ugxile esifundweni nasekuqondeni imiBhalo Yenkolo. Zombili izindlela zokusebenza zingavumela abantu ukuthi bagcine ukufinyelela isimo senkululeko.

Isikhathi sasendulo

Ikhulu lesi-5 BC - 2ND century AD: Kuvela ama-Yoga Classics abalulekile

Ukusuka kurekhodi elijwayelekile lama-vedas ngo-1500 BC, ku-rekhodi elicacile le-yoga kuma-upanishads, ukuvela kwe-zhagavad Gita, okuqukethwe yi-yoga ye-yoga, okuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi uRaja Yoga, okukhona ikakhulukazi kukhulunywa ngokuxhumana kukaRaja Yoga, iBhakti Yoga, noJnani Yoga. Kwenze i-yoga, umkhuba ongokomoya wesintu, ube yi-Orthodox, ukusuka ekugcizeleleni ukugcizelela kokuhlangana kokuziphatha, ukukholwa nokwazi.

Cishe ngo-300 BC, i-Indian Sage Patanjali yadala i-Yoga Sutras, lapho kwakhiwa khona i-Yoga ye-Indian, futhi umkhuba we-Yoga wachazwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlelo lwemilenze eyisishiyagalombili. UPatanjali uhlonishwa njengomsunguli we-yoga. I-Yoga Sutras ikhuluma ngokuthola isimo sokulinganisela komzimba, ingqondo, nomoya ngokuhlanzwa ngokomoya, futhi ichaza i-yoga njengendlela yokusebenza ecindezela ukuncipha kwengqondo. Lokho wukuthi: isiphetho somcabango weSamkhya kanye nombono we-Yoga School, ugcina ngokuqinile indlela eyisishiyagalombili yokufeza inkululeko futhi ubuyela kokuzithemba kwangempela. Indlela enezinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili ithi: "Izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili zokuzijwayeza i-yoga; ukuzikhuza, ukukhuthala, ukuzindla, ukuphefumula, ukuphakelanisa izinzwa, ukukhuthazela, nokuzindla neSamadhi." Yisikhungo seRaja Yoga nendlela yokufeza ukukhanyiselwa.

I-post-classical

2ND century AD - Ikhulu le-19 AD: Yoga yesimanje iyachuma

I-Tantra, inkolo ye-esoteric enomthelela omkhulu kwi-yoga yesimanje, ikholelwa ukuthi inkululeko yokugcina ingatholakala ngokuqinile ngokuzimela nokuzindla, nokuthi inkululeko izotholwa ekugcineni ngokukhulekelwa konkulunkulukazi. Bakholelwa ukuthi konke kunobumbano kanye nobumbano (okuhle nokubi, okushisayo nokubandayo, yin kanye ne-yang), futhi ukuphela kwendlela yokuqeda izinhlungu ukuxhumanisa nokuhlanganisa konke ukuhambisana komzimba kanye nobungako emzimbeni. UPatanjali - yize agcizelela isidingo sokuzivocavoca umzimba kanye nokuhlanzwa, wake wakholwa ukuthi umzimba womuntu ungcolile. I-yogi ekhanyiselwe ngempela izozama ukuqeda inkampani yesixuku ukuze igweme ukungcoliswa. Kodwa-ke, i (Tantra) Yoga School ikwazisa kakhulu umzimba womuntu, ikholelwa ukuthi iNkosi uShiva ikhona emzimbeni womuntu, futhi ikholelwa ukuthi umsuka wazo zonke izinto esemvelweni, otholakala ngaphansi komgogodla. Umhlaba awusona ukukhohlisa, kepha ubufakazi bobunkulunkulu. Abantu bangasondela kuNkulunkulu ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo komhlaba. Bancamela ukuhlanganisa amandla abesilisa nabesifazane ngendlela engokomfanekiso. Bathembela emathunjini anzima we-yoga ukuvusa amandla abesifazane emzimbeni, akhiphe emzimbeni, bese eyihlanganisa namandla wesilisa atholakala ngaphezulu kwekhanda. Bahlonipha abesifazane ukwedlula noma yiliphi i-yogi.

Ukwazisa | Ukuphishekela iTantra: Ukubheka ukukhulekelwa konkulunkulu e-Yoga yasendulo kanye nemifanekiso

Ngemuva kwe-Yoga Sutras, iyi-yoga yangemva kwe-Classical. Kubandakanya ikakhulukazi i-yoga epanishads, i-tantra ne-hatha yoga. Kunabahlali abangama-21 be-Yoga. Kulawa maanishads, ukuqonda okumsulwa, ukucabanga nokuzindla akuyona ukuphela kwezindlela zokufeza inkululeko. Bonke badinga ukufeza isimo sobunye beBrahman no-Atman ngokuguqulwa komzimba kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya okubangelwa amasu wokuzijwayeza ascetic. Ngakho-ke, ukudla, ukungachazeki, ama-asanas, ama-chakras ayisikhombisa, njll., Kuhlanganiswe neMantras, umzimba wesandla ...

Inkathi yesimanje

I-Yoga ithuthukise iphuzu lapho selibe yindlela elisakazeka kabanzi yokuzivocavoca ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo emhlabeni. Isakaze isuka eNdiya iya eYurophu, eMelika, e-Asia-Pacific, e-Afrika, njll., Futhi ihlonishwa kakhulu ngemiphumela yayo esobala ekucindezelekeni kwengcindezi zengqondo kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo ngokomzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindlela ezahlukahlukene ze-yoga ziye zavela ngokuqhubekayo, njenge-yoga eshisayo, i-hatha yoga, i-yoga eshisayo, i-yoga yezempilo, njll. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, kukhona nezinye izibalo ze-yoga ezinethonya elibanzi, njenge-Iyengar, uSwami Ramdev, njhang Huilan, njll. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi i-yoga emile izoheha ukunakwa okwengeziwe kubantu abavela kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila.